Pola Sebaran dan Jangkauan Layanan pada Rumah Sakit dan Puskesmas di Wilayah Calon Pemekaran Kabupaten Cirebon Timur Menggunakan Metode Analisis Spasial

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pola sebaran dan jangkauan layanan pada rumah sakit dan puskesmas dalam rangka mendukung pemekaran rencana Kabupaten Cirebon Timur, Provinsi Jawa Barat, menggunakan metode analisis spasial.  Metode yang digunakan meliputi Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) untuk mengidentifikasi pola sebaran, Kernel Density untuk menganalisis kepadatan permukiman, Network Analysis (Service Area) untuk mengukur jangkauan layanan berdasarkan jarak dan waktu tempuh, serta Location-Allocation untuk menilai keterlayanan optimal rumah sakit dan puskesmas terhadap permukiman. Hasil analisis Average Nearest Neighbor menunjukkan pola persebaran rumah sakit dan puskesmas bersifat seragam (dispersed pattern) dengan nilai Nearest Neighbor Ratio 1.264, z-score 2.57, p-value 0.009915, bahwa pola sebaran tidak acak secara statistik. Namun, hasil Kernel Density memperlihatkan ketidaksesuaian antara lokasi rumah sakit dan puskesmas dengan konsentrasi permukiman berkepadatan tinggi yang dominan di wilayah timur dan timur laut. Analisis jangkauan berdasarkan jarak menunjukkan bahwa hingga radius 6.000 meter, menjangkau 66,55% wilayah, sementara 33,45% lainnya masih belum terlayani secara efektif. Berdasarkan waktu tempuh, jangkauan 15 menit mencakup area yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan 5 menit dan 10 menit, tetapi masih terdapat wilayah dengan akses terbatas akibat kondisi jaringan jalan. Hasil Location-Allocation dengan waktu tempuh optimal 15 menit menunjukkan bahwa 77,87% bangunan permukiman telah terlayani, sedangkan 22,13% belum terjangkau secara optimal, terutama di wilayah pinggiran dengan aksesibilitas rendah. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya penataan ulang lokasi rumah sakit dan puskesmas dan peningkatan infrastruktur jaringan jalan guna mewujudkan pemerataan akses pelayanan kesehatan pada wilayah calon pemekaran Kabupaten Cirebon Timur.

Kata Kunci: Rumah Sakit dan Puskesmas; Keterjangkauan Spasial; Average Nearest Neighbor; Kernel Density; Network Analysis.

ABSTRACT

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution patterns and service coverage of hospitals and community health centers (puskesmas) in support of the proposed expansion of East Cirebon Regency, West Java Province, using spatial analysis methods. The methods employed include Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) to identify distribution patterns, Kernel Density to analyze settlement density, Network Analysis (Service Area) to measure service coverage based on distance and travel time, and Location-Allocation to assess the optimal service coverage of hospitals and community health centers in relation to residential areas. The results of the Average Nearest Neighbor analysis indicate that the distribution pattern of hospitals and community health centers is dispersed, with a Nearest Neighbor Ratio of 1.264, a z-score of 2.57, and a p-value of 0.009915, demonstrating that the spatial pattern is statistically non-random. However, the Kernel Density analysis reveals a mismatch between the locations of hospitals and community health centers and high-density settlement concentrations, which are predominantly located in the eastern and northeastern parts of the study area. Distance-based service area analysis shows that coverage within a 6,000-meter radius reaches 66.55% of the region, while 33.45% remains underserved. Based on travel time, the 15-minute service area covers a broader area compared to the 5- and 10-minute ranges; however, certain areas still experience limited accessibility due to road network conditions. The Location-Allocation analysis, using an optimal 15-minute travel time threshold, indicates that 77.87% of residential buildings are adequately served, while 22.13% remain underserved, particularly in peripheral areas with low accessibility. These findings highlight the need for strategic relocation of hospitals and community health centers, as well as improvements to road network infrastructure, in order to achieve equitable access to healthcare services in the proposed East Cirebon Regency expansion area.

Keywords: Hospitals and Community Health Centers; Spatial Accessibility; Average Nearest Neighbor; Kernel Density; Network Analysis.